In Part 1 of a two-part series, we talk with Dr. Camille Hoffman, OB/GYN physician and perinatal nutrition researcher at the University of Colorado, for the most up-to-date information on how prenatal nutrition affects fetal development and mental health.

By Cara Everett, MS, RDN, LDN

Publication Date: May 9, 2024

Estimated Reading Time: 6-7 minutes

What if there was a pregnancy nutrient that could:

• Help your child with their schoolwork for years after they’re born? 
• Lower the risk of childhood behavioral and social problems? 
• Support your and your child’s mental and emotional health?

Such a nutrient does exist, and it’s one of the hottest topics in prenatal nutrition research today.

Camille Hoffman, MD, MSc, is an OB/GYN and Professor of Maternal and Fetal Medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. In addition to caring for patients, she conducts clinical studies on the links between prenatal nutrition, mental health, and fetal brain development. We sat down with Dr. Hoffman to learn about her latest research findings and how they can help moms, especially in light of what her team is discovering about a nutrient called choline. 

Health experts agree that good prenatal nutrition is one of the most important elements for proper fetal development. And when it comes to the brain and nervous system, we’re learning that it’s absolutely critical for your baby to get the nutrition they need. 

While a wide variety of nutrients are important for a healthy pregnancy, one group in particular is critical for development of your baby’s brain and DNA synthesis. These are called one-carbon nutrients, and they include:

• Choline
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Betaine
• Folate
• Vitamins B6 and B12

All one-carbon nutrients work together in the body in closely related pathways, but Hoffman and other researchers have found that one of the most important for both babies and moms is choline.[2] 

This nutrient also has lifelong impacts on your baby’s memory by supporting the development of the hippocampus, which is the memory center of the brain. Animal studies show that maternal dietary choline intake in pregnancy is linked with irreversible, lifelong memory changes in offspring.[5] And human research has found that moms who are supplemented with choline during pregnancy have children who score better on cognitive tests up to 7 years of age.[6] 

Hoffman says, “I often see babies that are growth restricted, so they're not growing well. And we have some data from our group that in that subset of participants, choline levels also helped, not with brain growth or fetal overall growth or birth weight, but with their neurodevelopmental scores after birth if choline levels were better.”

Her research has found that there is a key window of opportunity for choline to do its work in brain development.

“You really need choline present during second trimester brain development to form the foundation upon which to grow a well-connected brain. So if you miss that, a brain's still going to most likely grow and develop, but there may already be some wiring issues that you can't go back and rewire after the brain is formed.”

“And in our opinion, choline is preventative, because you're building the brain alongside it from scratch, versus everything else. Most healthcare is the treatment of something that already exists, but prevention is by far the most cost-effective, easiest path of least resistance. For something as simple as supplementation, there really isn’t a downside.” 

While choline should be at the top of your list of ingredients to look for in a prenatal vitamin, other pregnancy nutrients are also critical for brain development.

Hoffman says, “The other nutrients that we know are most important for fetal brains are omega-3 fats (DHA and EPA), vitamin D, vitamins A and E, and choline. Those are the main ones…for brain development. Folate as well is very critical, especially for early neural tube development, which is going to become the fetal brain and the entire central nervous system.”

You can get brain-building nutrients from the following foods:

Choline has striking effects not only on cognitive performance, but also on mental health for both babies and moms. For example, a study conducted by Hoffman’s group found that during pregnancy, women who consumed high doses of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a compound closely related to choline, gave birth to children with less social withdrawal and better attention spans than kids born to moms who received less PC.[7] 

Hoffman’s research has also found that choline can help improve mood in mothers, especially when inflammation and/or stress are present. She said counseling and evaluation by a social worker are part of the prenatal care women receive in her pregnancy studies, and those factors also play an important role in maternal mood support.

“What we've found is that some psychological factors like stress, depression, anxiety, and history of trauma, do appear to affect the mental health of moms and babies. We also know that some of that is the nurture aspect. A mom or a family that has a strong history of mental illness or untreated mental illness is also going to influence their babies, their children, through the way that they raise them and nurture them. But all of those things are correlated with increased inflammatory markers, increased cortisol. And cortisol isn't a bad thing in and of itself. We need it to survive. We need it to be born, for our lungs to grow and develop, for multiple good things, but anything in excess can be problematic.

“So there's a lot of overlap and a lot of data, no matter if you're looking at cytokine levels, C-reactive protein levels, cortisol, immune function, BMI, all of the things that we know relate to inflammation, but there's a high correlation between [cortisol] and mood.”

Her research has found a link between choline and cortisol levels, at least in some populations. A 2021 study by Hoffmans’ group found that Black American pregnant women had lower choline levels than White women, and low choline in the first trimester was associated with increased cortisol, one indicator of stress and depression.[8] Research is ongoing to determine why cortisol levels rise in Black American women during pregnancy, and why that may be linked to low choline levels.

It’s clear that choline has far-reaching effects for you and your baby. But how much do you need? National guidelines call for pregnant women to consume 450 mg of choline per day while pregnant and 550 mg while breastfeeding.[9]

You can find choline in foods such as beef, chicken, fish, eggs, and soy. The Genate Essential Prenatal Multivitamin is one of very few prenatal vitamins to include 450 mg of choline, and Genate Advanced Phosphatidylcholine contains 1800 mg phosphatidylcholine per serving (about 250 mg choline).

Pregnancy is an exciting time full of new experiences and more changes than most new moms anticipate, and Genate is here to help with reliable information on how prenatal nutrition impacts your health and that of your baby. Choline is one nutrient that can have lifelong effects on your baby’s brain health, and it’s most critical in the second trimester. Make sure you’re getting at least 450 mg choline per day through foods and/or supplements. Read our article on one-carbon metabolism to find food sources of choline and other one-carbon nutrients that are vital for your baby’s health. 

Dr. Hoffman and her research group are at the forefront of studies in the field of prenatal nutrition, and we’re grateful for her work on behalf of moms and their babies. To learn more about how your genes affect your nutrition needs and the nutrients you share with your baby during pregnancy and breastfeeding, visit the Genate site.  

This article is not intended as medical advice to treat or diagnose any health condition but rather as educational health information for the general public. It should not be used as a substitute for individualized medical care from your healthcare provider. 

Cara Everett, MS, RDN, LDN is a registered dietitian nutritionist with a passion for helping people optimize their health with sustainable diet and lifestyle changes. She provides nutrition counseling to clients of all ages, with specialties in nutrigenetics, women's health, and chronic medical conditions.

Cara is also a health writer and editor with over 20 years of experience creating content for print and digital media outlets, nutrition and wellness blogs, and medical white papers. Her work has been featured on websites such as the National Council on Aging, Everyday Health, HelpGuide, MarketWatch, and Verywell. Cara's current writing covers women's nutrition and nutrigenetics in pregnancy and lactation.

As the lead dietitian for SNP Therapeutics, Cara shapes content strategy, medically reviews and edits articles, and provides gene-focused medical nutrition therapy for clients. She holds Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Nutrition from Texas A&M University and completed her dietetic internship at the University of Kentucky Hospital.

1. Schwarzenberg SJ, Georgieff MK, Daniels F, Corkins M, Golden NH, Kim JH, et al. Advocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health. Pediatrics. 2018;141(2): e20173716. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3716 
2. Choline. National Institutes of Health. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-Consumer/ Updated June 2, 2022. Accessed April 21, 2024.
3. Neurotransmitters. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters Updated March 14, 2022. Accessed April 21, 2024. 
4. Acetylcholine. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24568-acetylcholine-ach Updated December 30, 2022. Accessed April 21, 2024.
5. Zeisel SH. Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26: 229-50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156
6. Bahnfleth CL, Strupp BJ, Caudill MA, Canfield RL. Prenatal choline supplementation improves child sustained attention: A 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled feeding trial. FASEB J. 2022;36(1):e22054. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202101217R
7. Ross RG, Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, McCarthy L, Chambers BM, Law AJ, et al. Perinatal phosphatidylcholine supplementation and early childhood behavior problems: Evidence for CHRNA7 moderation. Am J Psych. 2016;173(5):509-16. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15091188
8. Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, McCarthy L, D'Alessandro A, Wyrwa A, Noonan K, et al. Black American maternal prenatal choline, offspring gestational age at birth, and developmental predisposition to mental illness. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(4):896-905. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa171
9. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. DietaryGuidelines.gov Published December 2020. Accessed April 24, 2024.